Maulana Hasanuddin, son of Sunan Gunung Jati play a role in the conquest. After the conquest, Maulana Hasanuddin established a stronghold called Surosowan, which later became the seat of government after the Banten sultanate became independent.
The History of the Sultanate Banten
For nearly three centuries the Sultanate of Banten able to survive even reach the extraordinary glory, which at the same time when invaders from Europe has come in and exert influence. The civil war, and competition with global powers for resources and trade, as well as dependence on weaponry has weakened the Sultanate of Banten hegemony over the region. The political power of the Sultanate of Banten final collapse in 1813 after the previous palace as a symbol of power Surosowan in Diamond City was destroyed, and in the end times pemerintanannya, the Sultan of Banten no more than a subordinate king of colonial rule in the Dutch East Indies.Initial formation
At first region is also known as the Bantam Bantam Girang is part of the Kingdom of Sunda. The arrival of the troops under the command of Demak Kingdom Maulana Hasanuddin to the region in addition to the expansion of the area is also well spread of Islam. Then triggered by the presence of the Sunda-Portuguese cooperation in the fields of economics and politics, it is considered to jeopardize the position after their defeat Demak Kingdom expel Portuguese from Melaka in 1513. Trenggana By order, along with Fatahillah assault and conquest around the Palm Harbor in 1527, which the time is still the main port of the Kingdom of Sunda.Besides began building fortifications in Banten, Maulana Hasanuddin also continued the expansion of powers to the regions producing pepper in Lampung. He was instrumental in the spread of Islam in the region, but that he also had trade contacts with the king did Malangkabu (Minangkabau, United Inderapura), Munawar Shah Sultan dagger and was awarded by the king.
Along with the setback Demak especially after the death of Trenggana, Bantam previously vazal from Demak Kingdom, began to break away and become an independent kingdom. Maulana Yusuf son of Maulana Hasanuddin, ascended the throne in 1570 continued expansion Sundanese Banten these areas by conquering Pakuan Padjadjaran in 1579. Later he replaced his son Maulana Muhammad, who tried to control of Palembang in 1596 as part of efforts to narrow the movement Banten Portugal in the archipelago, but failed because he died in the conquest.
During the Queen's son Prince of Maulana Muhammad, he became the first king of Java who took the title of "Emperor" in 1638 by the Arabic name Abu al-Mahmud Mafakhir Abdulkadir. At this time the Sultan of Banten has started intensive diplomatic relations with other powers that existed at that time, one of the Sultan of Banten known letter to the King of England, James I in 1605 and in 1629 to Charles I.
Heyday
Sultanate of Banten is a maritime empire and relied on trade in sustaining the economy. Monopoly on the pepper trade in Lampung, Banten, as well as placing the ruler and the Sultanate of Banten middlemen growing rapidly, becoming one of the important commercial center during this period. growing sea trade throughout the archipelago, Banten became a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by the British, Danish and Chinese, Bantam trade with Persia, India, Siam, Vietnam, Philippines, China and Japan.The period of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (reigned 1651-1682) is regarded as the heyday of Banten. Under him, Banten has an impressive fleet, built on the example of Europe, and Europeans have also been hired to work in the Sultanate of Banten. In securing Bantam voyage pathway also sent his fleet to Sukadana or Tanjungpura kingdom (now West Kalimantan) and conquered it in 1661. At this time Banten is also trying to get out of the pressure exerted VOC, who had previously conducted the blockade on merchant ships headed Banten.
Civil war
Around the year 1680 a dispute arises in the Sultanate of Banten, due to the power struggle and conflict between the Sultan Haji Sultan Ageng with his son. These divisions were exploited by Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), which gives support to the Sultan Haji, making civil war inevitable. While in strengthening its position, or Sultan Abu Sultan Haji Abdul Qahar Nashar also had to send 2 people envoy, met the King of England in London in 1682 to get the support and help of weapons. In this war the Sultan Ageng forced to withdraw from his residence and moved into the region Tirtayasa called, but on December 28, 1682 this region was also ruled by Sultan Haji with VOCs. Sultan Ageng with his other son Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf of Macassar retreat to the south inland Sundanese. But on March 14, 1683, Sultan Ageng caught later arrested in Batavia.While VOCs continue to pursue and break resistance followers Sultan Ageng still be in the leadership of Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On May 5, 1683, the VOC sent Fortunately Soerapatti Balinya troops and their lieutenant, joins forces with Lieutenant Maurits van Johannes Happel and Dayeuh subdue Sublime Pamotan region, where on December 14, 1683 they captured the Sheikh Yusuf. Meanwhile, after a desperate Prince Purbaya finally declared surrender. Fortunately Soerapatti then ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to pick up Prince Purbaya, and in the course of carrying Prince Purbaya to Batavia, they met with VOC forces led by Willem Kuffeler, but there has been fighting between them, culminating on January 28, 1684, troops heading Willem Kuffeler destroyed, and the next Lucky Soerapatti fugitive VOC and his family. While the new Prince Purbaya itself until February 7, 1684 in Batavia.
Reduction
Assistance and support to the Sultan Haji VOCs must be paid to compensate the VOC of which on March 12, 1682, submitted to the VOC Lampung region, as stated in a letter to Major Isaac Sultan Haji de Saint Martin, Admiral VOC in Batavia ship anchored in Bantam . The letter was later corroborated by a letter agreement dated August 22, 1682 which makes the VOC gained monopoly rights in Lampung pepper trade. [16] In addition, under the agreement dated 17 April 1684, Sultan Haji also have to replace losses from the war to the VOC.After the death of Sultan Haji in 1687, the VOC began to exert its influence in the Sultanate of Banten, so the removal of the Sultan of Banten must be approved by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadl Muhammad Sultan Haji Yahya appointed replace power but only about three years, then was replaced by his brother Prince Duke with the title of Sultan Zainul Abidin Muhammad Abul Mahasin and later known as Kang title Sinuhun ing Nagari Banten.
The civil war that took place in Banten leave the next period of government instability. Konfik between descendants of the ruler of Banten [18] as well as public discontent turmoil Banten, over campurnya VOCs participate in the affairs of Banten. Popular resistance again peaked at the end of the reign of Sultan Muhammad Fathi Abul Zainul Arifin Shifa, of which the Queen Good resistance Discard and Kyai Tapa. As a result of the ongoing conflict Sultan of Banten back asking for help dampen some resistance VOCs in people so since 1752 Bantam has become vassal of VOCs.
Removal of the empire
In 1808 Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1810, ordered the construction of Post Road to maintain the island of Java from British attack. Daendels ordered Sultan of Banten to move the capital to Anyer and provide labor to build the planned port will be built in Ujung Kulon. Sultan refused Daendels command, as the answer Daendels ordered the attack on and destruction of the Palace Surosowan Bantam. The Sultan and his family were held in the Diamond Castle (Castle Surosowan) and then imprisoned in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin Nashar then exiled and banished to Batavia. On 22 November 1808, Daendels announced from its headquarters in Serang that the Sultanate of Banten has been absorbed into the Dutch East Indies.Sultanate of Banten officially abolished in 1813 by the British colonial government. In that year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin stripped and was deposed by Thomas Stamford Raffles. This event is the final blow that ended the history of the Sultanate of Banten.
Religion
Based on archaeological data, the early days of Banten people affected by some royal who brought the Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, such as Tarumanagara, Srivijaya and the Kingdom of Sunda.In Banten Chronicle tells how Sunan Gunung Jati with Maulana Hasanuddin, conduct intensive spread of Islam to the ruler of Banten Girang along with its population. Some mystical stories also accompany the process of Islamisation in Banten, including the period when Maulana Yusuf began spreading propaganda to the population inland Sundanese, which is marked by conquest Pakuan Padjadjaran.
Islam was a pillar of the establishment of the Sultanate of Banten, Banten Sultan has the pedigree to be referred to the Prophet Muhammad, and put the clergy had great influence in the life of society, as it is also growing congregation and Sufism in Punjab. While absorbing the culture of Islam as an integral part. Some existing traditions influenced by the development of Islam in society, as seen in martial arts Debus.
Kadi plays an important role in the government of the Sultanate of Banten, in addition to the people responsible for the settlement of disputes in religious courts, as well as in the Islamic hudud law enforcement.
Religious tolerance in Banten, well developed. Although dominated by Muslims, but allowed certain communities build their places of worship, in which about 1673 have established some pagoda in the area around the port of Banten.
Population
The progress of the Sultanate of Banten is supported by much of the population as well as multi-ethnic. Starting from Javanese, Sundanese and Malay. While other ethnic groups of the archipelago with a number of other significant between Makassar, Bugis and Balinese.From several European sources mentioned around the year 1672, there were an estimated Banten between 100 000 to 200 000 men were ready for battle, another source said that in Punjab can be recruited as many as 10 000 people who are ready to bear arms. But from the most reliable sources, the Dagh-Registers (01/16/1673) mentions of VOC census conducted in 1673, estimated the population in the city of Banten which is able to use a spear or rifle totaled About a 55 000 people. If the whole population is calculated, whatever their nationality, estimated at approximately 150 000 inhabitants, including women, children, and the elderly.
Around the year 1676 thousands of Chinese people seeking asylum and work in Banten. This wave of migration due to war there in Fujian as well as on other areas of South China. These communities generally build settlements around the edge of the beach and the river as well as having a significant proportion of people than India and Arab. While some communities in Punjab Europe such as England, Holland, France, Denmark and Portugal also has built lodgings and warehouses around Ci Banten.
Economy
In laying foundation Bantam economic development, in addition to trade in coastal areas, inland areas opening on rice was introduced. This assumption is developing because at that time in some inland areas such as the Valley, the community's economy is sustained by farming activities, as well as interpretation of script sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian which recounts the term pahuma (cultivators), panggerek (hunter) and panyadap (tapper). The third term is clearly more to the farm system, as well as names such peralatanya Cleaver, homeopathic, baliung, kored and tapping.In the period between 1663 and Sultan Ageng 1667 large irrigation work done to develop agriculture. Between 30 and 40 km of new canals constructed with the use of as many as 16 000 people. Along the canal, between 30 and 40 000 thousand hectares of new rice fields and coconut plantations planted thousands of hectares. 30 000 farmer's placed on the land, including the Bugis and Makassar. Sugarcane plantations, which brought Chinese merchant in the 1620s, was developed. Under Sultan Ageng, Banten population growth increased significantly.
Undeniably until 1678, Bantam has become a metropolitan city, with a population and wealth that has made Banten as one of the largest cities in the world at that time
Government
After Banten emerged as independent kingdoms, rulers used the title Sultan, while the circle of the palace there is the title of Prince Queen, Prince Duke, Prince Gusti Anom and Prince were carried by the heir. In Banten administration there is someone with a degree Mangkubumi, Kadi, Patih and harbor master who has a role in government administration. While there are groups in society Bantam nobles who dubbed the tubagus (Good Queen), queen or sayyid, and other special groups that received special position is made up of the clergy, the civil service, as well as the champion.Banten administration center is located between two rivers namely Banten and Ci Ci Karangantu. In the region formerly well established market, the plaza and the Palace Surosowan surrounded by a trench along the wall, while to the north of the palace built the Great Mosque of Banten with the possibility of a lighthouse-shaped tower was formerly also serves as the control tower to see the arrival of the ship in Banten.
Based on the history of Banten, the main market place in Metro Manila lies between the Great Mosque of Banten Banten and Ci, and known by the name Kapalembangan. While in the area of the square there is paseban used by the Sultan of Banten as a place to pass an edict to its people. Overall the design of rectangular Banten city that dpengaruhi by Hindu-Buddhist concepts or representations known as mandalas. In addition, the city district there are several villages that represent a particular ethnic, such as Kampung Pekojan (Persian) and Village Chinatown.
Sultanate of Banten Customs has implemented over singah ships to Bantam, excise collection is done by the harbor master who is in the area called Customs. One of the famous harbormaster during Sultan Ageng named Syahbandar Kaytsu.
List Kings of Banten
Maulana Hasanuddin or Prince Sabakingkin 1552 - 1570Maulana Yusuf or Prince Pasareyan 1570 - 1585
Maulana Muhammad or Prince Sedangrana 1585 - 1596
Sultan Mahmud Abu al-Mafakhir Abdulkadir or Prince Queen 1596 - 1647
Sultan Ahmad Abu al-Ma'ali 1647 - 1651
Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa or Sultan Abu al-Fath Abdul Fattah 1651-1682
Or Sultan Abu Sultan Haji Abdul Qahar Nashar 1683 - 1687
Sultan Abu Fadl Mohammad Yahya 1687 - 1690
Sultan Zainul Abidin Muhammad Abul Mahasin 1690 - 1733
Fathi Abul Sultan Zainul Arifin Mohammed Shifa 1733 - 1747
Syarifah Queen Fatimah 1747 - 1750
Zainul Arif Sultan al-Qadiri Asyiqin 1753 - 1773
Sultan Abul Muhammad Aliuddin Mafakhir 1773 - 1799
Sultan Abul Fath Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1799 - 1803
Sultan Abul Muhammad Ishaq Nashar Zainulmutaqin 1803 - 1808
Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin 1809 - 1813
Historical heritage
After the abolition of the Sultanate of Banten, Banten region became part of the colonization area. In the reign of the Dutch East Indies, made in 1817 Bantam residency, and since 1926 the region became part of West Java Province. Past glory to inspire the people of the Sultanate of Banten Banten back to make the area into one autonomous region, the reform of the Indonesian government to encourage role as a separate province of Banten region is then established through Act No. 23 of 2000.Additionally Banten society has become a collection of distinct ethnic colored by inter-ethnic fusion which existed at the heyday of the Sultanate of Banten, and diversity is never made public Banten as one of the dominant forces in the archipelago.